Broadening and updating the OAA
April 30th, 2010 by Chloe
Leaders applaud the work done this year on the Osaka Action Agenda (OAA), and recognize its importance in reflecting APEC's accomplishments and ability to respond to changes in our regional and global situation. Leaders agree that the OAA should be broadened to reflect fundamental changes in the global economy since Osaka, such as the development of new economy including through the implementation of relevant aspects of e-APEC Strategy, and Strengthening the Functioning of Markets. Leaders direct Ministers to follow this up. Officials should present an interim report at the 2002 Meeting of Ministers Responsible for Trade (MRT) and a full report at the 2002 APEC Ministerial Meeting (AMM) on their recommendations with regard to broadening the OAA.
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A Summary of "Taking Effective Classroom Notes"
April 29th, 2010 by Chloe
The following hints can help you take better notes in your isses. First, attend class faithfully. Copying another student's tes cannot substitute for hearing the ideas in person. Another im-rtant hint is to develop a system of abbreviations. Using abbrevia-ns for often-used words and special terms will speed note-taking, tting a key to abbreviations at the top of the page will prevent con-don. In addition, be alert for signals of importance: anything itten on the board, definitions, enumerations, emphasis words, i repeated ideas. Writing down examples and connections between as is also essential. Next, review your notes after class to clarify i expand them. Finally, take notes in every class you attend. ierwise, you are sure to forget most of what you hear. (Langan, 19, p. 271)
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After the Fire
April 28th, 2010 by Chloe
Firemen had been righting the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control. A short time before, great trees had covered the countryside 5 for miles around. Now, smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills. Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would
The seed was sprayed by aero planes
10 not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well. When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow 15 quickly. The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes.
The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain. By-then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root. In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.
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Not For Jazz
April 27th, 2010 by Chloe
We have an old musical instrument. It is called a clavichord. It was made in Germany in 1681. Our clavichord is kept in the living-room. It has belonged to our family for a long time. The instrument WM bought by my grandfather many years ago. Recently it was damaged by a aviator. She tried to play jazz on it! She sttock the keys too hard and two of the fringes were broken. My father was shocked. Now we are not allowed to touch it. It is being repaired by a friend of my father's.
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EU rules
April 26th, 2010 by Chloe
The direct applicability of these rules means that they are the same throughout the countries of the EU. The exemptions, however, are listed in two parts. The first, the "National" and "International" exemptions apply to every Member State. The Second, the "National" exemptions, may vary as member states were permitted to select from a list the activities they wished (o exempt. The "National" exemptions referred to in this chapter are those which apply in the
United Kingdom.
The KU rules apply to every journey on roads open to the public of a goals vehicle whether laden or empty. The rules apply to "any person who drives the vehicle even for a short period or who is carried in order to be available for driving if necessary". Therefore, the time or distance involved does not matter.
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Possible areas for improvement
April 24th, 2010 by Chloe
For the depot, consider these areas for improvement;
• location;
• Vehicle access/egress;
• Noise reduction by
landscaping
erecting noise screens
moving noisy operations away from local residents
restricting noisy activities to certain hours
restricting visiting vehicles to certain hours
using noise — attenuated equipment where possible
turning vehicles engines off when not in use
insisting on drivers turning off radios when working in the depot at night;
• Reduction of visual intrusion through landscaping and a generally neat and tidy approach;
• Reduction of water wastage by the use of water recycling on vehicle washes;
" Avoidance of pollution of the watercourse with run — off from fuel dispensing areas through the use of interceptor tanks;
• Consideration of the use of a computerized fuel dispensing system;
• Careful management and monitoring of other hazardous chemicals on site paying due regard to the Control of Substances Hazardous Health (COSHH) regulations);
• Keeping pallet stacks tidy and out of sight if possible;
• Fitting particulate traps to diesel fork —lift trucks to reduce emissions;
• Consideration of the use of electric or gas — powered fork - lift trucks;
• better management of the production, collection and disposal of waste.
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Setting benchmarking priorities
April 23rd, 2010 by Chloe
Of all the many things that can be measured and compared to performance achieved by other companies, there should the priority be place? recommend that the priorities be determined by identifying:
• Which processes and entities in the supply chain are of strategic importance?
« Which processes and entities in the supply chain have a high relative impact or (he business?
• Where there is a choice between "make" or "buy"?
• Where there is internal readiness to change?
The ultimate guide to the selection of benchmark priorities has to be the impact that an activity or function has upon competitive advantage. Hence the organization's ability to achieve a delivered cost that is superior to its competitor's and a perceived differential advantage through customer service will be instrumental in achieving success in the marketplace.
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Separate and single origin and destination points
April 22nd, 2010 by Chloe
The problem of routing a vehicle through a network has been nicely solved by methods designed specifically for it. Perhaps the simplest and most straightforward method is the shortest route method. The approach may be paraphrased as follows; we are given a network represented by links and nodes, where the nodes are connecting points between links, and the links are the costs (distance, times, or a combination of both formed as a weighted average of time and distance) to traverse between nodes. Initially, all mixes are considered to be un-solved; that is, they are not yet on a defined route. A solved node is on the route. Starting with the origin as a solved node.
• Objective of the nth iteration. Find the nth nearest node to the origin. Repeat for n— 1,2"-until the nearest node is the destination.
"Candidates for the nth nearest node. Kael solved node that is directly connected by a branch to one or more unsolved nodes provides one candidate -the unsolved node with the shortest connecting branch. Ties provide additional candidates. (See Figure 22. 1)
A small delivery problem with a warehouse as a depot and four stops is shown in figure 22. 1. Travel times between stops are found by first choosing the most appropriate route and then multiplying by the speed to find the time to traverse the distance. We assume the time to travel between stop pairs in one direction will be the same in the opposite direction, hence the problem is symmetrical.
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Greater competition
April 21st, 2010 by Chloe
With a poorly developed transportation system the extent of the market is limited to the areas immediately surrounding the point of production. Unless production costs are extremely low compared with those at a second production point—that is, the production cost difference offsets the transportation costs of serving the second market — not much competition is likely to take place. How-ever, with improvements in the transportation system, the landed costs for prod-ucts in distant markets can he competitive with other products selling in the same markets.
In addition to encourage direct competition, inexpensive, high - quality transportation also encourages an indirect form of competition by making goods available to a market that normally could not withstand the cost of transportation. Sales can actually be increased by penetrating markets normally unavailable to certain products. The goods from outside a region have a stabilizing effect on prices of all similar goods in the marketplace.
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Sortation systems
April 20th, 2010 by Chloe
The concept of sortation is well established and has been used for applications such as parcels sorting for a long time. The traditional method of sortation was for items to be unloaded manually at a depot from local collection vehicles. They would then be trolleyed and dropped off in designated collation areas by geographic zone prior to loading onto vehicles for dispatch. This approach is also used in cross- docking operations, for example in handling fresh produce to col-late loads for delivery to supermarkets. It is often viewed as means of shortening the supply chain and reducing inventory.
The mechanized approach to sortation is the use of a conveyor, usually set out in a continuous loop, with a number of induction (input) feeds and rather more discharge chutes. Items appropriately coded, are unloaded from incoming vehicles by conveyor, and fed directly onto the sortation conveyor. As the items go round the conveyor they are identified by code reader and auto- matically diverted onto the appropriate discharge chutes by geographic zone road destination. As the consignments build up they arc collated ready for loading on to dispatch vehicles. This technology is used in a number of major parcels distribution and other operations.
Other types of business, typically distribution depots supplying retail outlets, are examining sortation as a means of reducing inventory and .shortening their supply chains. The approach will only work if the supporting information system known in advance the required quantities of which products are to be allocated to each destination. It also requires a tight discipline in the arrival and dispatch times of goods into the system. In addition, sortation systems require considerable space and they are expensive. However, the potential benefits include reduced inventory, time compressing and less handling— goods are not taken into stock and subsequently taken out again for picking.
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